Liberty 在线电子书 图书标签: 政治哲学 Berlin 思想史 Liberty IsaiahBerlin Liberalism 自由主义 伯林
发表于2024-12-22
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书果然得多读几遍。其实很多话都是重复,就是把一句话换一种方式再说一遍,不过这样对读者很友好。伯林的论述中有个有意思的问题:自然科学方法论与形而上学看起来是对手,然而就这么联手了~
评分伯林是个思想史的好老师,是少有的会像演讲稿一样安排内容的思想史作者,总是清晰地告诉读者他要讨论的是什么问题。最爱的一篇是The Birth of Greek Individualism. 前面的编辑手记一定要读,非常赞!
评分Practical Philanthropy
评分初读会受益于伯林的强梳理能力,让对自由的讨论有起点可寻。但因为始终没有给出清晰哪怕很薄的界定,使得内部诸多不一致。如果采取“同情式”的理解,可能要回到他当时要揭示的价值多元论命题,当然这又是一个棘手的问题。
评分伯林是个思想史的好老师,是少有的会像演讲稿一样安排内容的思想史作者,总是清晰地告诉读者他要讨论的是什么问题。最爱的一篇是The Birth of Greek Individualism. 前面的编辑手记一定要读,非常赞!
Sir Isaiah Berlin was a philosopher and historian of ideas, regarded as one of the leading liberal thinkers of the twentieth century. He excelled as an essayist, lecturer and conversationalist; and as a brilliant speaker who delivered, rapidly and spontaneously, richly allusive and coherently structured material, whether for a lecture series at Oxford University or as a broadcaster on the BBC Third Programme, usually without a script. Many of his essays and lectures were later collected in book form.
Born in Riga, now capital of Latvia, then part of the Russian Empire, he was the first person of Jewish descent to be elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. From 1957 to 1967, he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1963 to 1964. In 1966, he helped to found Wolfson College, Oxford, and became its first President. He was knighted in 1957, and was awarded the Order of Merit in 1971. He was President of the British Academy from 1974 to 1978. He also received the 1979 Jerusalem Prize for his writings on individual freedom. Berlin's work on liberal theory has had a lasting influence.
Berlin is best known for his essay Two Concepts of Liberty, delivered in 1958 as his inaugural lecture as Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford. He defined negative liberty as the absence of constraints on, or interference with, agents' possible action. Greater "negative freedom" meant fewer restrictions on possible action. Berlin associated positive liberty with the idea of self-mastery, or the capacity to determine oneself, to be in control of one's destiny. While Berlin granted that both concepts of liberty represent valid human ideals, as a matter of history the positive concept of liberty has proven particularly susceptible to political abuse.
Berlin contended that under the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant and G. W. F. Hegel (all committed to the positive concept of liberty), European political thinkers often equated liberty with forms of political discipline or constraint. This became politically dangerous when notions of positive liberty were, in the nineteenth century, used to defend nationalism, self-determination and the Communist idea of collective rational control over human destiny. Berlin argued that, following this line of thought, demands for freedom paradoxically become demands for forms of collective control and discipline – those deemed necessary for the "self-mastery" or self-determination of nations, classes, democratic communities, and even humanity as a whole. There is thus an elective affinity, for Berlin, between positive liberty and political totalitarianism.
Conversely, negative liberty represents a different, perhaps safer, understanding of the concept of liberty. Its proponents (such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill) insisted that constraint and discipline were the antithesis of liberty and so were (and are) less prone to confusing liberty and constraint in the manner of the philosophical harbingers of modern totalitarianism. It is this concept of Negative Liberty that Isaiah Berlin supported. It dominated heavily his early chapters in his third lecture.
This negative liberty is central to the claim for toleration due to incommensurability. This concept is mirrored in the work of Joseph Raz.
Berlin's espousal of negative liberty, his hatred of totalitarianism and his experience of Russia in the revolution and through his contact with the poet Anna Akhmatova made him an enemy of the Soviet Union and he was one of the leading public intellectuals in the ideological battle against Communism during the Cold War.
Liberty is a revised and expanded edition of the book that Isaiah Berlin regarded as his most important—Four Essays on Liberty, a standard text of liberalism, constantly in demand and constantly discussed since it was first published in 1969. Writing in Harper's, Irving Howe described it as "an exhilarating performance—this, one tells oneself, is what the life of the mind can be."
Berlin's editor Henry Hardy has revised the text, incorporating a fifth essay that Berlin himself had wanted to include. He has also added further pieces that bear on the same topic, so that Berlin's principal statements on liberty are at last available together in one volume. Finally, in an extended preface and in appendices drawn from Berlin's unpublished writings, he exhibits some of the biographical sources of Berlin's lifelong preoccupation with liberalism. These additions help us to grasp the nature of Berlin's "inner citadel," as he called it—the core of personal conviction from which some of his most influential writing sprung.
柏林在《两种自由概念》的开篇就说道:“如果人们对于生活的目的从未有过分歧,如果我们的祖先仍然生活在无忧无虑的伊甸园中,那么,齐切里社会与政治理论教席所致力的那些研究,便是难以理解的。”在他看来,对人类社会、政治的理论研究之所以可能而且必要,其根源在于人类对...
评分“自由是唯一真正的财富”——威廉·黑兹利特 出于某种道义上的责任,必须要写那么一些东西以传播该理论,同时声援基于人类福祉与有关自由等话题演绎出伟大学说的巨擘,上一次类似的体会大概是罗尔斯的《正义论》。 《论自由》这本书其实已经在半年或一年前就已经看完,最初...
评分 评分大约十个月前,我读了柏林的《两种自由的概念》,写了一点评论,现在让我自己读,也觉得写得相当的杂乱,大概提及对他消极和积极自由概念区分的不满意,对他自由意志论述不清的不满意,对柏林所体现出来的功利主义的不满,尤其是他提出一种人存在对地位和认可的寻求,也是一种...
评分大约十个月前,我读了柏林的《两种自由的概念》,写了一点评论,现在让我自己读,也觉得写得相当的杂乱,大概提及对他消极和积极自由概念区分的不满意,对他自由意志论述不清的不满意,对柏林所体现出来的功利主义的不满,尤其是他提出一种人存在对地位和认可的寻求,也是一种...
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