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This book documents the bases for a new view of legitimacy in general and in various parts of Asia, including China, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan and Japan. The authors see legitimacy anywhere as always partial, rather than total, and somewhat measurable. Legitimacy is specifically political, rather than more vaguely socioeconomic. It can be a predicate of various sizes of collectivity, not just of a sovereign government, or of policies, or of leaders. It can be challenged by patriotism. Legitimacy derives not just from scientific norms or technocracy, even in modern times. It is a belief whose alternative (illegitimacy) people may often suppress in their minds until external situations change, bringing an unexpected cascade of altered legitimacy. The volume is edited by Lynn White, a professor in the Woodrow Wilson School and Politics Department at Princeton. It throws light not only on modern changes of the process of political legitimization, but also on the correlates of that process in specific East and Southeast Asian countries.

Lynn White is Professor of Sociology at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, where she has been since 1974, having served as Chair of the Department of Sociology and Director of the Bureau of Sociological Research. She teaches social demography, family, and research methods. Her research has focused on relationships between parents and their adult children over the life course, covering such topics as the empty nest, co-residence, the link between marital quality and parenting experiences, and intergenerational exchange. Dr. White's current research on parent-child relationships in adult stepfamilies is funded by a grant from the National Institutes for Child Health and Human Development. Her work has appeared in AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW and SOCIAL FORCES as well as in family journals. She holds a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Washington in Seattle.

Contents......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 10
Introduction — Dimensions of Legitimacy Lynn White......Page 14
LEGITIMACY IS PARTIAL, NEVER TOTAL......Page 17
LEGITIMACY IS POLITICAL RATHER THAN MORE BROADLY SOCIOECONOMIC OR CULTURAL......Page 19
LEGITIMACY IS BOTH A CAUSAL FACTOR AND AN OUTCOME RESULT......Page 23
LEGITIMACY CAN APPLY TO VARIOUS POLITICAL OBJECTS......Page 26
LEGITIMACY CAN BE CHALLENGED BY NATIONALISMS......Page 29
LEGITIMACY HAS BOTH UNIVERSAL AND CONTEXTUAL ASPECTS......Page 31
CONCLUSION: BRUTE FORCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSENT, AND RELEGITIMATIONS......Page 35
INTRODUCTION......Page 42
LEGITIMACY THEORY......Page 44
LEGITIMACY MEASUREMENT......Page 48
Explanations of Legitimacy......Page 49
EVIDENCE OF PERFORMANCE......Page 55
PLURALISM AND THE SYSTEM OF LEGITIMATION......Page 57
THE CASE OF MALAYSIA......Page 60
Legitimacy......Page 61
DISTRIBUTION, RIGHTS, SELECTION......Page 65
Policy Neutrality......Page 69
Stability......Page 74
Conclusion......Page 75
CONCLUSIONS......Page 76
Views of Legality......Page 77
Acts of Consent......Page 78
2) The Basis of Political Legitimacy in Late–Authoritarian Taiwan David Dahua Yang......Page 80
LEGITIMACY AND PERFORMANCE......Page 83
AUTHORITARIAN RULE ON THE EVE OF TRANSITION......Page 87
MEASURING LEGITIMACY......Page 93
SOURCES OF REGIME LEGITIMACY......Page 100
Personal Satisfaction......Page 103
Social Satisfaction......Page 104
Political Values......Page 107
Political Exposure......Page 111
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF THE EXPLANANS......Page 114
CONCLUSION......Page 117
APPENDIX A: SELECTED LISTING OF QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS......Page 121
APPENDIX B: “NO OPINION” RESPONSES AND SELECTION BIAS IN THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE......Page 123
3) Political Trust in China: Forms and Causes Zhengxu Wang......Page 126
HIGH POLITICAL TRUST IN AUTHORITARIAN CHINA......Page 127
Research Problem and Data......Page 129
TWO FORMS OF POLITICAL TRUST IN CHINA......Page 130
The Real versus the Imagined State......Page 133
Fear? Indoctrination?......Page 136
Economic Performance?......Page 138
Lacking Critical Citizens?......Page 139
TESTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERFORMANCE AND LEGITIMACY......Page 141
Hypotheses and Independent Variables......Page 142
Hypothesis A: Performance......Page 144
Hypotheses B and C: Before Critical Citizens......Page 147
DISCUSSIONS......Page 148
Has Propaganda Failed?......Page 149
Performance, What Performance?......Page 150
CONCLUSION: CHINESE REGIME’S LEGITIMACY DILEMMA......Page 151
APPENDIX A......Page 152
INTRODUCTION......Page 154
NATION, HEGEMONY AND FACTUALITY......Page 157
THE FACTUALITY OF THE CHINESE NATION......Page 167
SHANG YUE AND THE DEBATE OF CHINESE CAPITALISM......Page 169
THE SPIRIT OF THE 1980S AND HE SHANG......Page 179
CONCLUSION......Page 191
THE QUEST FOR POLITICAL LEGITIMACY......Page 196
POLITICAL LEGITIMACY AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE......Page 199
LIMITATIONS OF PERFORMANCE-BASED LEGITIMACY......Page 206
BROADENING SOURCES OF LEGITIMACY......Page 216
Social Democracy......Page 217
Constitutionalism......Page 220
Intra–Party Democracy......Page 223
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 225
INTRODUCTION: OBSERVATIONS BY WAY OF A GHOST STORY......Page 228
Against Two-Step Weberianism: From Political Theory to Science Studies…......Page 236
…And Back Again: Facts Unbound......Page 244
THE AFTERMATH OF NATIONAL MISSION......Page 246
FACTS OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT: KYONGJU, 1995–97......Page 253
CONCLUSION......Page 263
7) Policy Legitimacy as a Determinant of Policy Outputs: Japan’s Case Takayuki Sakamoto......Page 266
THINGS NOT EXPLAINED BY ELECTORAL INCENTIVES THEORY......Page 270
Policy Dilemmas and Their Solutions......Page 272
Social Foundations of Politics......Page 275
POLICY LEGITIMACY......Page 277
The Idea Component......Page 278
The Democratic Component......Page 279
The Decision–Norm Component......Page 281
How Policy Legitimacy Affects Policy Approval......Page 284
THE POLITICS OF CONSUMPTION TAX IN JAPAN......Page 286
Ohira’s Failed Attempt in 1979......Page 288
Idea Component......Page 289
Decision–Norm Component......Page 290
Nakasone’s Failed Attempt in 1987......Page 291
Idea Component......Page 292
Decision–Norm Component......Page 294
Decision–Norm Component......Page 296
Democratic Component......Page 298
Sum......Page 299
Hosokawa’s Failed Attempt in Early 1994......Page 300
Idea Component......Page 301
Decision–Norm Component......Page 302
Sum......Page 303
Murayama’s Successful Attempt in Late 1994......Page 304
Democratic Component......Page 305
Decision–Norm Component......Page 306
DISCUSSION......Page 307
Index......Page 314
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