叔本华，1788年2月22日生。被称为“悲观主义哲学家”。他是黑格尔绝对唯心主义的反对者、新的“生命”哲学的先驱者。对人间的苦难甚为敏感，因而他的人生观带有强烈的悲观主义倾向。致力于哲学家柏拉图和康德著作的研究、蔑视费希特、谢林和黑格尔。他的一生并不得志，在去世前几年获得声誉以前，一直过着隐居生活。

叔本华，1819年发表重要著作《意志和表象的世界》，分为四册，其中包括：认识论、自然哲学、美学和伦理学。这部书标志了叔本华思想发展的顶点。尽管他因受到同代人的冷遇而感到失望，但他坚信真理的最后胜利。他认为，“真理是可以等到的，因为它长久存在”。经过了19年的“无声的愤慨”之后，他在1836年发表了短篇论文《论自然界中的意志》。叔本华这篇文章灵巧地运用了迅速发展的自然科学中的疑问和发现来维护他关于意志的学说。在前言中他公开地对“骗子”黑格尔及其帮派予以沉重的抨击。然而直到1853年之后，叔本华的哲学才为世界所重视。

1860年9月21日病逝。

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Purchase of this book includes free trial access to www.million-books.com where you can read more than a million books for free. This is an OCR edition with typos. Excerpt from book: 48 ) CHAPTER XXIV. ON MATTER. Matter has already been spoken of in the fourth chapter of the supplements to the first book, when we were considering the part of our knowledge of which we are conscious a priori. But it could only be considered there from a one-sided point of view, because we were then concerned merely with its relation to the forms of our intellect, and not to the thing in itself, and therefore we investigated it only from the subjective side, i.e., so far as it is an idea, and not from the objective side, i.e., with regard to what it may be in itself. In the first respect, our conclusion was that it is objective activity in general, yet conceived without fuller determination; therefore it takes the place of causality in the table of our a priori knowledge which is given there. For what is material is that which acts (the actual) in general, and regarded apart from the specific nature of its action. Hence also matter, merely as such, is not an object of perception, but only of thought, and thus is really au abstraction. It only comes into perception in connection with form and quality, as a body, i.e., as a fully determined kind of activity. It is only by abstracting from this fuller determination that we think of matter as such, i.e., separated from form and quality; consequently under matter we think of acting absolutely and in general, thus of activity in the abstract. The more fully determined acting we then conceive as the accident of matter; but only by means of this does matter become preceptible, i.e., present itself as a body and an object of experience. Pure matter, on the other hand, which, as I have shown in the Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy, alone constitutes the true and admissible content of the conception of substance, is causality...