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List of Symbols
Preface to the Tenth Edition ix
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction 1
What Is Language? 2
Introducing the Study of Language 3
What You Know When You Know a Language 6
What You Don't (Necessarily) Know When You Know a Language 12
Design Features of Language 17
Language Modality 24
Practice 30
Phonetics 37
What Is Phonetics? 38
Representing Speech Sounds 40
Articulation: English Consonants 45
Articulation: English Vowels 54
Beyond English: Speech Sounds of the World's Languages 59
Suprasegmental Features 64
Acoustic Phonetics 69
The Phonetics of Signed Languages 79
Practice 87
Phonology 99
What Is Phonology? 100
The Value of Sounds: Phonemes and Allophones 101
Phonological Rules 109
Phonotactic Constraints and Foreign Accents 117
Implicational Laws 122
How to Solve Phonology Problems 127
Practice 134
Morphology 147
What Is Morphology? 148
Words and Word Formation: The Nature of the Lexicon 149
Morphological Processes 155
Morphological Types of Languages 163
The Hierarchical Structure of Derived Words 168
Morphological Analysis 172
Practice 176
Syntax 193
What Is Syntax? 194
Basic Ideas of Syntax 195
How Sentences Express Ideas 199
Lexical Categories 204
Phrase Structure 208
Tests for Structure and Constituency 216
Word Order Typology 221
Practice 223
Semantics 231
What Is Semantics? 232
An Overview of Semantics 233
Lexical Semantics: The Meanings of Words 235
Lexical Semantics: Word Relations 242
Compositional Semantics: The Meanings of Sentences 248
Compositional Semantics: Putting Words Together and Meaning Relationships 252
Practice 259
Pragmatics 267
What Is Pragmatics? 268
Language in Context 269
Rules of Conversation 273
Drawing Conclusions 279
Speech Acts 284
Presupposition 292
Practice 297
Language Acquisition 309
What Is Language Acquisition? 310
Theories of Language Acquisition 311
First-Language Acquisition: The Acquisition of Speech Sounds and Phonology 319
First-Language Acquisition: The Acquisition of Morphology, Syntax, and Word Meaning 326
How Adults Talk to Young Children 333
Bilingual Language Acquisition 339
Practice 343
Language Storage and Processing 351
How Do We Store and Process Language? 352
Language and the Brain 354
Aphasia 360
Speech Production 365
Speech Perception 374
Lexical Processing 379
Sentence Processing 385
Experimental Methods in Psycholinguistics 390
Practice 393
Language Variation 405
What Is Language Variation? 406
Language Varieties 407
Variation at Different Levels of Linguistic Structure 414
Factors Influencing Variation: Regional and Geographic Factors 418
Factors Influencing Variation: Social Factors 427
Practice 434
Language Contact 443
What Is Language Contact? 444
Language Contact 446
Borrowings into English 451
Pidgin Languages 454
Creole Languages 460
Societal Multilingualism 463
Language Endangerment and Language Death 465
Case Studies in Language Contact 469
Practice 473
Language Change 481
What Is Language Change? 482
Introducing Language Change 483
Language Relatedness 486
Sound Change 492
Morphological Change 497
Syntactic Change 502
Semantic Change 505
Reconstruction: Internal Reconstruction vs. Comparative Reconstruction 508
Practice 516
Language and Culture 525
What Is the Study of "Language and Culture"? 526
Language and Identity 527
Language and Power 533
Language and Thought 538
Writing Systems 545
Practice 559
Animal Communication 565
How Do Animals Communicate? 566
Communication and Language 567
Animal Communication in the Wild 571
Can Animals Be Taught Language? 576
Practice 581
Language and Computers 585
What Is Computational Linguistics? 586
Speech Synthesis 587
Automatic Speech Recognition 592
Communicating with Computers 597
Machine Translation 603
Corpus Linguistics 607
Practice 610
Practical Applications 615
What Can You Do with Linguistics? 616
Language Education 617
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology 620
Language and Law 622
Language in Advertising 625
Codes and Code-Breaking 631
Being a Linguist 637
Practice 639
Answers to Example Exercises 645
Glossary 649
Selected Bibliography 675
Language Index 685
Subject Index 689
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