The United States was founded on the principle of equal opportunity for all, and this ethos continues to inform the nation’s collective identity. In reality, however, absolute equality is elusive. The gap between rich and poor has widened in recent decades, and the United States has the highest level of economic inequality of any developed country. Social class and other differences in status reverberate throughout American life, and prejudice based on another’s perceived status persists among individuals and groups. In Envy Up, Scorn Down, noted social psychologist Susan Fiske examines the psychological underpinnings of interpersonal and intergroup comparisons, exploring why we compare ourselves to those both above and below us and analyzing the social consequences of such comparisons in day-to-day life.
What motivates individuals, groups, and cultures to envy the status of some and scorn the status of others? Who experiences envy and scorn most? Envy Up, Scorn Down marshals a wealth of recent psychological studies as well as findings based on years of Fiske’s own research to address such questions. She shows that both envy and scorn have distinctive biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics. And though we are all “wired” for comparison, some individuals are more vulnerable to these motives than others. Dominant personalities, for example, express envy toward high-status groups such as the wealthy and well-educated, and insecurity can lead others to scorn those perceived to have lower status, such as women, minorities, or the disabled. Fiske shows that one’s race or ethnicity, gender, and education all correlate with perceived status. Regardless of whether one is accorded higher or lower status, however, all groups rank their members, and all societies rank the various groups within them. We rate each group as either friend or foe, able or unable, and accordingly assign them the traits of warmth or competence. The majority of groups in the United States are ranked either warm or competent but not both, with extreme exceptions: the homeless or the very poor are considered neither warm nor competent. Societies across the globe view older people as warm but incompetent. Conversely, the very rich are generally considered cold but highly competent. Envy Up, Scorn Down explores the nuances of status hierarchies and their consequences and shows that such prejudice in its most virulent form dehumanizes and can lead to devastating outcomes—from the scornful neglect of the homeless to the envious anger historically directed at Tutsis in Rwanda or Jews in Europe.
Individuals, groups, and even cultures will always make comparisons between and among themselves. Envy Up, Scorn Down is an accessible and insightful examination of drives we all share and the prejudice that can accompany comparison. The book deftly shows that understanding envy and scorn—and seeking to mitigate their effects—can prove invaluable to our lives, our relationships, and our society.
SUSAN T. FISKE is Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology at Princeton University.
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天呐,我刚刚读完了一本让人欲罢不能的书,名字叫《沉静的河流》。这本书的叙事手法简直太绝了,作者仿佛是一位技艺高超的魔术师,将时间线玩弄于股掌之间。故事的主角是一个名叫伊莱贾的雕塑家,他的生命轨迹在一次意外的邂逅后彻底改变了。我特别喜欢作者描绘环境的笔触,那些关于海边小镇的细节,潮湿的空气、咸腥的海风,都栩栩如生地浮现在我的脑海里。它不是那种情节跌宕起伏的惊悚小说,更像是一首悠长而富有韵律的诗歌,每一个句子都值得细细品味。尤其是书中关于“存在”与“虚无”的哲学探讨,虽然深奥,但作者巧妙地将其融入到人物的日常对话和内心独白中,让读者在享受故事的同时,也能进行深刻的反思。这本书的节奏把握得非常到位,你知道吗,有那么几章,我简直喘不过气来,不是因为紧张,而是因为被那种纯粹的美感和深刻的情感张力所震撼。读完之后,我感觉自己的灵魂被洗涤了一遍,久久不能平静。这本书的后劲太大了,我可能需要花上好几天的时间才能完全消化掉它所带给我的所有感触。
评分很少有小说能像《玻璃迷宫的低语》这样,让我感觉自己仿佛真的进入了一个迷宫,既想找到出口,又贪恋其中光影变幻的美丽。这本书的结构极其精巧,它采用了一种“套娃式”的叙事结构,故事中套着故事,真相藏在假象之下。主角是一位失忆的侦探,他接受了一个看似简单的委托——寻找一件失踪的家族遗物,但随着调查的深入,他发现自己不仅是在寻找物品,更是在拼凑自己破碎的过去。作者对细节的把控达到了偏执的程度,从古董家具的纹理,到老式打字机的咔嗒声,无一不精确到位,营造出一种浓郁的怀旧和宿命感。最让我佩服的是,作者在铺设了如此多的误导和线索之后,最终给出的解答竟然是如此的合乎情理,却又出乎意料。它不是那种追求速度的推理小说,它更像是一场关于记忆、身份认同的哲学辩论,包裹在一层华丽而又令人不安的悬疑外壳之下。读完后,我必须承认,我需要回头再看一遍目录页,确认我有没有遗漏任何一个不起眼的脚注,因为这本书的每一个元素似乎都肩负着揭示真相的重任。
评分说实话,当我翻开《代码之外的低语》时,我本以为会是一本枯燥的技术手册或者晦涩的科幻小说,但我错了,大错特错!这本书实际上是一部极其大胆的社会寓言,它披着赛博朋克的外衣,内核却探讨着当代社会中人与技术、人与算法之间的权力关系。作者构建了一个极其逼真的近未来都市,这个城市的一切都被一个名为“奥拉”的中央AI所管理和优化。然而,正是这种完美的“优化”,催生了最深层次的混乱和反抗。这本书的叙事视角不断切换,一会儿是底层黑客的视角,一会儿又是高层程序设计师的内心独白,视角之间的跳跃感非常强烈,像是观看一部高速剪辑的电影。我特别喜欢作者对于“无意义感”的刻画,当生活被算法安排得井井有条后,人类的自由意志究竟在哪里?书中对于虚拟现实与真实感官体验的界限模糊处理,让我产生了强烈的代入感,甚至在放下书后,我还时不时地怀疑我周围的世界是不是也是某种精心设计的程序。这是一部充满智慧、节奏迅猛且极具前瞻性的作品。
评分这本书简直是为那些热衷于探究人性复杂幽微之处的读者量身定做的!我指的是《失重的心跳》,它的精彩程度远远超出了我的预期。这本书的核心似乎围绕着一个秘密展开,一个关于家族传承和被埋藏的真相。作者对于心理侧写的描摹简直是教科书级别的精准。你能够清晰地感受到每一个人物内心的挣扎、他们的恐惧与渴望。我尤其欣赏作者如何处理“不可靠的叙述者”这一技巧,你永远不知道眼前看到的是否是全部的真相,这使得阅读过程充满了悬念和探索的乐趣。其中有一段描述,关于主角在午夜时分独自走在空旷的街道上,那种孤独感、那种被全世界遗弃的错觉,被作者用极其冷峻和疏离的笔调刻画出来,简直让人不寒而栗。这本书的对话设计也堪称一绝,精炼、富有张力,充满了潜台词,你得全神贯注地去捕捉那些话语间的细微变化。如果你期待那种一目了然的结局,那这本书可能不适合你,但如果你喜欢在迷雾中寻找灯塔,那么《失重的心跳》绝对会让你大呼过瘾。
评分我最近读的《第四个季节的信件》彻底颠覆了我对“书信体小说”的认知。这完全不是那种矫揉造作、充满过时礼仪的古董作品,它充满了一种跨越时空的现代感和紧迫性。全书由一系列跨越了三十年的信件构成,收信人和寄信人之间的关系,从最初的导师与学生,慢慢演变成了亦敌亦友的复杂状态。作者在处理不同年代的书信风格转换上展现了惊人的功力,信纸的质感、墨水的颜色、甚至信封上的邮戳细节,都像是能透过纸面传达出来。这本书最打动我的地方在于它对“时间流逝”的深刻洞察。那些曾经热烈的争论,在时间的长河里,最终都沉淀成了略带苦涩的理解。我读到最后几封信时,眼泪差点就掉了下来,不是因为情节有多么悲惨,而是因为那种“我们终究都老了”的无可奈何。它探讨了知识的传承、艺术的本质,以及友谊在漫长岁月中的变质与升华。这是一本需要慢读、细品的书,每一封信都是一个精美的独立艺术品。
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