Acknowledgments ix
Introduction xiii
The Many Treasures Stupa: Visionary Signpost and Cognitive Model 3
The Apparitional Stupa 3
Images of the Many Treasures Stupa at Yungang: Cave 5 6
The Many Treasures Stupa Scene in Cave 169 at Binglingsi 13
Two Women's Vision and Threshold Moment 24
A Memorial Scenario 29
Beyond Narrative Space: Two Northern Wei Stelae 47
The Pivot of the Symbolic Universe 52
Textual Space and Pictorial Reconstitution 67
Imaginary Space in Texts and Pictures 67
Imaginary Topography and Protopicture 68
The Lotus Sutra as a Spatial and Temporal Fiction: Problems for the Painter 79
The Duplicity of Pictorial "Illustration'': Nirvana with a Royal Face 82
A Buddhist Paradise without a Buddha 102
Which One of the Three? Architectural Forms as Moral Choices 112
The Rhetoric of the Formal Design 119
The Circumstantial World and the Numinous Realm 122
The Royal Scenario and Circumstantial Referentiality 122
The Monastery of Reverence and Love (Jing'aisi) 132
The Yin Family at Dunhuang 139
Two Lotus Sutra Tableaux; Two Moods 141
The Daoist Turn circa 700 C.E. 146
Postmortem Scenario 151
The Patron Family's Agenda 176
The Ritual Space of the Cave Shrine 178
Mapping and Transformation 182
Enchanted and Generative Topography of Transformation 183
Numinous Vulture Peak and the Man-Bird Mountain 192
The Incantatory Landscape 206
The Guanyin Tableaux from Wanfosi 219
The Talismanic Landscape under the Tang 228
Mirroring and Transformation 238
Seeing as Piercing 238
The Shadow Image 245
The Mirror Image 247
Mirror Hall 256
Cave Shrine as Mirror Hall 262
Mirror and Gateway 277
Mystic Vision 292
Grotto Heaven 310
Chronotope and Heterotopia 317
The Lotus Sutra Topography as Threshold to Other Worlds 317
Pagodas, Miracles, Transformation Tableaux 321
Longhuta: The Iconographic Program of Its Relief Sculptures 330
The Buddhas of the Four Directions and the Rhetoric of Time 340
Temporal and Spatial Fiction of the Relic Pagoda 347
Chronotope and Traditional Cosmological Scheme 353
Between Past and Future 361
Here and There: From Subjugation of Demons to the Amitabha Pure Land 364
Transformation and the Inconceivable 371
Walking and Circumambulation 376
Agency of Transformation 380
Competing Pure Lands 382
The Primacy of the Tusita Heaven in the Longhuta 386
The Dense and the Sparse: Two Stylistic Modes and Their Implications 396
List of Abbreviations 398
Notes 399
Chinese Glossary 442
Bibliography 447
Illustration Credits 469
Index 475
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